To gain access to the cytosol, SARS-CoV-2 must fuse its envelope with the cell membranes. To enter host cells, the viral spike (S) proteins of CoVs bind the enzymatic domain of the ACE2 receptor. The ACE2 receptor is the main actor responsible for virus entry in the lower respiratory tract ( 13, 21, 22). SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion could be achieved through several routes ( 19), and once it reaches the CNS, it could bind the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor exposed on neuronal cells to infect the brain ( 20). However, how SARS-CoV-2 gains access to the CNS and how infection leads to neurological symptoms are still not clear ( 14– 18).

Investigating how SARS-CoV-2 enters neuronal cells is essential for understanding the neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. In addition, case reports have shown that the brain tissue of patients that died following COVID-19 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA ( 13). The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to enter the central nervous system (CNS) is expected given that several types of CoV have been reported to invade and persist in the CNS (e.g., SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome–CoV) ( 11, 12). The neurological symptoms can be acute and resolve with the disease or can represent a major issue in the case of long COVID ( 8– 10). Neurological manifestations of different gravity have also been reported ( 4– 7). Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the respiratory tract and most patients with COVID-19 present severe respiratory symptoms ( 3), other organs such as the intestine, liver, kidneys, heart, and brain can also be affected. Our data highlight a previously unknown mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 spreading, likely used as a route to invade nonpermissive cells and potentiate infection in permissive cells.Ĭoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been developing into a global pandemic since the first reported events in December 2019 ( 1, 2). Furthermore, multiple vesicular structures such as double-membrane vesicles, sites of viral replication, are observed inside TNTs between permissive and nonpermissive cells. In cellulo correlative fluorescence and cryo–electron tomography reveal that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with TNTs between permissive cells. SARS-CoV-2 induces the formation of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and exploits this route to spread to uninfected cells. We report that human neuronal cells, nonpermissive to infection through the endocytic pathway, can be infected when cocultured with permissive infected epithelial cells. How SARS-CoV-2 gains access to the brain and how infection leads to neurological symptoms are not clear because the principal means of viral entry by endocytosis, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, are barely detectable in the brain. In summary, CAC has excellent absorption characteristics and can be used in the removal of organic materials from TNT red water.Neurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection represent a major issue in long coronavirus disease.

Chemical oxygen demand of 85.34 % can be removed as CAC prepared under optimized conditions is used as absorbent. The adsorption kinetics follows a pseudo second-order model, and thermodynamic analysis indicates an endothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes, and the process appears to be controlled by the chemisorption process. Below 333 K Freundlich isotherm is more suitable, while Langmuir isotherm model is more fitted when the temperature is higher than 333 K. The adsorption data are simulated by Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm. Also the adsorption behavior of CAC to organic materials in TNT red water is studied. The characterizations of CAC are analyzed by adsorption, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy.

The optimum preparation conditions of CAC are the concentration of Cu).sub.2] of 0.1 mol/L, pH of 6, loading time of 4 h, and loading temperature of 333 K. Abstract : The novel adsorbent Cu-impregnated activated coke (CAC) has been successfully prepared using a Cu).sub.2] solution impregnated activated coke (AC).

T.n.t. red model